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Last Days of the Aztec: 200,000 Dead in Tenochtitlan
INCREDIBLE HISTORY

Last Days of the Aztec: 200,000 Dead in Tenochtitlan

from INCREDIBLE HISTORY

April 3, 2026 | 00:35:40 | Education

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Thanks for watching! Join my AI Cinematic Directors Community to help support my work 🙏🏻https://www.skool.com/aicinematicdirectors/about - Hollywood is Cooked. I’ll show you the exact system behind my 30M monthly views. Learn AI Filmmaking, Visual Storytelling, and Monetization. Explore the dramatic Fall and Siege of Tenochtitlan and the final days of Montezuma (Moctezuma, Montezuma II, Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin) in this cinematic historical breakdown. Follow the arrival of the conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes as they march into the heart of the Aztec Empire, encountering the awe-inspiring island capital of Tenochtitlan. This episode covers the tense meeting between Cortes and Montezuma, the growing unrest within the city, and the violent turning point that led to open conflict. Witness how alliances with indigenous enemies of the Aztec, combined with Spanish military strategy, siege tactics, and disease, brought about the of one of the greatest cities in the ancient world. From Montezuma’s mysterious death to the brutal street-by-street fighting, the fall of Tenochtitlan marked the collapse of the Aztec world and the rise of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. Out of the ruins, the foundations of New Spain were established, reshaping the course of history forever. This video dives deep into the Spanish conquest of the Aztec, revealing the real story behind Montezuma’s last days and the siege that changed the world. Join Luke Caverns, Michael Collins, and myself on our Ancient Greece Tour in November 2026! - https://linktr.ee/incredhistory Help Support this Channel by Searching your Home State at Muir Way Maps! Made in the USA. Please use my link in the link tree as well as give me credit in the post purchase survey - https://linktr.ee/incredhistory Citations/Bibliography Bernal Diaz (Participant) The true history of the conquest of new Spain - https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06880 Book Recommendation n the topic - Conquistador Voices by Kevin Siepel Music by CO. AG Darkness Awaits From the Darkness Ambient Soundscapes - The edge of silence My Sins Alone will Awake the Dead Wonderful Things
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Transcript

00:00:00 - 00:02:59 | Speaker 1:

The fall of the Aztec empire might be the greatest military conquest of all time. 500 men walked into the Aztec capital with their native allies and the events that happened after left one of the world's most beautiful cities in rubble. The death toll was staggering and the suffering was immense. This video is based off the memoirs of one of the participants Bernal Diaz. It will be told as he wrote it without any personal interjections or attempts to signal moral authority. Viewer discretion is advised. On the morning of November 8, 1519, the Spaniards left Iztapalapan and marched toward Tenochtitlan. The road was straight, broad, and crowded beyond belief. Bernal says the causeway itself seemed too narrow for the sheer number of people pressing in to see them. The roofs and temples were packed, the lake was full of canoes towns rose from the water on every side the spaniards could hardly believe it was real and that is what makes the moment so extraordinary they were only about 450 men they had been warned again and again not to enter the city allies from tlaxcala and elsewhere had all told them the same thing once inside the mexicans could cut them off and kill them yet they kept marching partway along the causeway more nobles came out to meet them in motekusuma's name then the ruler himself appeared bernal describes the scene as one of immense ceremony motekusuma was carried in a splendid litter beneath a great canopy decorated with feathers gold silver pearls and precious stones his sandals were richly adorned even with gold in the soles Great lords walked beside him. Others spread cloths on the ground before him so his feet would not touch the earth. No one dared look him in the face. Only a few close relatives were allowed even to support him. When Cortes saw him, he dismounted and stepped forward. Through Marina, the two exchanged formal greetings. Cortes offered him a necklace of fine stones and gold. He tried to embrace him, but the Mexican lords stopped him. Such familiarity with the emperor was not permitted. Motekusuma then ordered his nobles to lead the Spaniards into the city and escort them to their quarters. From there, the procession moved into Tenochtitlan itself. Bernal says the streets, balconies, rooftops, and canals were all packed with people staring at them. The Spaniards were led to the palace of Axayacatl, Motekusuma's father, where they would be lodged. It was large enough to hold the whole force with spacious halls, fine rooms, and everything carefully prepared. Motekusuma even returned there in person, took Cortes by the hand, led him into his quarters, and hung another necklace of gold around his neck, something that astonished the Mexican nobles watching it.

00:02:59 - 00:05:59 | Speaker 1:

Then he told them to rest and consider themselves at home. Only after he left did the Spaniards fully settle in. It was one of the most astonishing entrances in military history. A few hundred foreigners, deep in enemy territory, received with royal ceremony inside one of the greatest cities on earth. But in typical Cortez fashion, he decided to make a statement of power. He ordered the cannon fired, which brought a thunderous roar across the entire city that no one had ever heard before. The inhabitants were terrified. That same afternoon, Motecasuma visited them again. This time he came in state to their quarters, seated Cortes beside him, and spoke more openly. He said he had heard of these strangers for years, first from the coast, then from later expeditions, and had long wanted to see them himself. Now, after hearing of their battles at Tabasco and against Tlaxcala, he believed they were the people spoken of in ancient traditions, men who would come from the east and enter these lands. Cortes delivered the core Spanish message directly. There was one true God, idols were false, human sacrifice must end, and the emperor of Spain expected obedience. Motekusuma did not argue much theology. He simply replied that the gods of his ancestors had long been honored in his land, that he had already heard these ideas before, and that he would not abandon the old religion so easily. News arrived from the coast that Spaniards at Veracruz had been attacked, several had died, and one horse had been killed. Cortez and his closest men concluded they were in terrible danger inside Mexico. Surrounded by a huge city, cut off from allies, and dependent on Montezuma's goodwill, they decided on one of the boldest moves of the conquest, seize the Emperor himself. to Motekusuma's palace with a handful of officers, accused him of responsibility for the coastal attack, and demanded that he come live in the Spanish quarters. Montezuma hesitated, argued, and offered relatives as hostages instead, but Marina helped pressure him by warning that resistance might get him killed on the spot. At last, astonishingly, he agreed. He was escorted into spanish custody though still treated with outward honor the spaniards then brought in the mexican commanders connected to the attack on the coast they were condemned and burned alive in front of montezuma's palace to prevent trouble while this was done the emperor himself was briefly put in chains bernal presents this as one of the most unbelievable moments of the conquest a few hundred foreigners deep inside a city larger than any they had known holding the emperor prisoner and executing his officers in front of his

00:05:59 - 00:08:57 | Speaker 1:

own people I must now beg the kind reader to pause a moment upon the heroic deeds we performed and consider their magnitude first of all we destroy all our vessels and thereby cut off all hopes of escaping from this country we then venture to march into this strong city though we were warned against it on all sides we then have the audacity to imprison the monarch of this vast empire the powerful motekusuma in his own metropolis in his very palace amidst his numerous troops at last we even fearlessly burned some of his generals to death in front of his own palace and throw the monarch himself in chains while this was being executed even now in my old age the heroic deeds we then accomplished come vividly to my memory montezuma was about 40 years old his complexion was lighter than most and his expression could shift from kindness to severity he was extremely clean bathing daily and never wore the same garments again for several days even in captivity he kept the habits of a king each day hundreds of dishes were prepared for his table with game birds venison rabbits and many other foods from across the empire bernal diaz even mentions a strange dish we were told that the flesh of young children as a very dainty bit was also set before him sometimes by way of a relish whether there was any truth in this we could not possibly discover on account of the great variety of dishes consisting in fowls, turkeys, pheasants, and of numerous other birds and beasts. During meals he was entertained by singers, dancers, dwarfs, and jesters who performed before him. When the meal ended he sometimes smoked tobacco from painted tubes and afterward rested for a time. But beside these wonders there were darker things. In other buildings we saw cages filled with jaguars wolves foxes and other beasts of prey these animals were fed with meat and sometimes we were told with the bodies of those who had been sacrificed to the gods afterward the bodies were cut apart some portions were eaten in ritual feasts while the rest were thrown to the animals kept in those dreadful enclosures he writes that when the beasts roared together with the howling of the wolves and the hissing of serpents the noise was so terrible that it seemed like something out of hell after some days in the city cortez decided to see more of it our first destination was the great market of tlatelolco nothing any of us had seen in europe compared with it the square was enormous filled with people and goods from every corner of the empire each kind of merchandise had its own section gold and silver jewelry feathered garments slaves

00:08:57 - 00:11:54 | Speaker 1:

cacao and medicinal herbs from the market we climbed the great temple there were 114 steps leading to the summit at the top we saw the idols of Huitzilopochtli and Tezcatlipoca standing inside their shrine. Their appearance was terrifying. Huge figures covered in gold, jewels, and serpents of precious stones. Before them lay offerings of copal incense and fresh human hearts taken from victims' sacrifice that very day. The walls and floor were blackened with blood. Bernal Diaz says the stench was worse than that of a slaughterhouse. Cortes tried to persuade Montezuma that these were not gods but evil spirits and suggested placing a cross and an image of the Virgin in their temple. The king did not react well to this suggestion. He answered sharply that if he had known we would insult his gods, he would never have shown them to us. Cortes reminded Montezuma of something the emperor had promised earlier. before the Spaniards had ever entered the city. At that time, Montezuma had spoken of acknowledging the authority of the Spanish king. Cortes now told him that the moment had come to make that promise real. If Montezuma wished to maintain friendship with Spain, he and the chiefs of his empire would need to recognize the Spanish king as their sovereign and pay tribute accordingly. Montezuma did not refuse. Instead, he asked for ten days to summon the principal lords of the surrounding provinces so the matter could be discussed openly. When the chiefs arrived, they gathered for a private council with their emperor. Montezuma began by reminding the assembled nobles of an ancient prophecy preserved in their traditions. According to the stories of their ancestors, strangers would one day arrive from the east, the direction of the rising sun, and would take possession of the land. Now, he said, those strangers had arrived. The nobles swore their allegiance, though many did so with tears in their eyes. Bernal Diaz says that even some of the Spaniards were moved by the site. From that moment, Montezuma declared himself a vassal of the Spanish emperor. Now Cortes decided to demand something greater. He asked Montezuma to order every province in the empire to bring tribute for the Spanish emperor. Messengers were sent throughout the empire. Soon gold began arriving in Mexico from many directions. bars ornaments dust and elaborate pieces of jewelry but the greatest treasure of all was already inside the spaniards own quarters montezuma reminded cortez of the hidden chamber containing the wealth of his father axayacatl the spaniards had already discovered it earlier but had closed the wall again and left it untouched he declared that this treasure would be his personal tribute to the Spanish king. When the hidden room was emptied, the wealth astonished

00:11:54 - 00:14:54 | Speaker 1:

everyone present. Gold ornaments, plates, and bars were piled together in enormous heaps. The gold alone, once weighed, amounted to more than 600,000 pesos. For three days the Spaniards worked with Mexican goldsmiths, melting the treasure into bars and preparing it for division. First, the royal fifth was set aside for Spanish crown. Another large share went to Cortes himself, according to the agreement made when he had been chosen commander. After that came the expenses of the expedition, ships, horses, supplies, and payments to the garrison left at Veracruz. By the time all the deductions were finished, very little remained for the ordinary soldiers. Complaints spread through the camp. Cortes responded with speeches, promises, and quiet bribes to calm the discontent. Eventually, the anger subsided, though the resentment never completely disappeared. While the Spaniards were still arguing over gold, another event was unfolding far away on the coast. Diego Velázquez, the governor of Cuba, had learned about Cortés' expedition and the treasure being sent to Spain. Furious that Cortés had acted without his authority, he decided to destroy him. Velazquez assembled a massive fleet, 19 ships carrying more than a thousand soldiers, artillery, cavalry, and supplies. Their orders were simple, arrest Cortez, take control of the expedition, and send the rebels back to Spain in chains. At first the Spaniards in Mexico knew nothing about this, but Montezuma learned about the fleet before Cortez did. Messengers from the coast informed him that many ships had arrived in the harbor where the Spaniards had first landed. The Emperor secretly sent gifts and provisions to the newcomers. When Cortes finally heard the news, Montezuma showed him the paintings his artists had made of the ships and soldiers. The reaction of the Spaniards was strange. Instead of fear, many of them celebrated. At first they believed the fleet carried reinforcements from Spain. Bernal Diaz says that the soldiers fired muskets, galloped their horses through the streets, and praised God for sending help. But Cortes quickly realized the truth. This army had not come to help him. It had come to destroy him. And now, while he sat deep inside the capital of the Aztec Empire with only a few hundred men, a second Spanish army was marching against him. Waiting was not an option. The decision was simple. Cortes would march out to meet Narvaez before Narvaez could reach the interior. Before leaving, he had to secure Mexico. Pedro de Alvarado was left behind with 80 men to guard Montezuma and hold the city. Cortes gave strict orders that the Emperor must not be allowed to escape. If Montezuma got free while the army was gone, Mexico would almost certainly rise. With preparations complete, Cortes

00:14:54 - 00:17:53 | Speaker 1:

marched out of Mexico. His force was remarkably small, about 260 men in total. They traveled light. No servants, almost no baggage, each soldier carrying only weapons and basic supplies. The army moved toward Cholula and then the coast where Narvaez had landed. Cortes halted a few miles away and prepared for battle. Though they faced an enemy several times their number, the Spanish camp remained confident. The soldiers knew the stakes clearly. Victory meant survival. Defeat meant the end of the conquest. That night, Narvaez allowed many of watchmen to return to their quarters at the same time cortez was already moving the outposts were surprised and the attack began before the camp could fully react cortez's men rushed the guns capturing them after only a few shots were fired at the same time other soldiers fought their way up the temple steps where narvaez was staying the fighting there was brief but violent during the struggle, Narvaez was struck by a lance that destroyed one of his eyes. By morning, the battle was over. Cortez had lost only a few men, while most of Narvaez's army soon joined him. In a single night, Cortez gained hundreds of soldiers, horses, weapons, and ships. For a moment, the conquest seemed secure, then messengers arrived from Mexico. While Cortez fought on the coast, Pedro de Alvarado had attacked Aztec nobles during a religious festival, killing many inside the temple courtyard. The city had erupted in revolt. The Spanish garrison was now surrounded and fighting for its life. The great city that Cortes believed he controlled had exploded into rebellion. The army broke camp and marched inland with all speed. When they reached Tlaxcala, new reports arrived. The Mexica had kept Alvarado under constant attack. several Spaniards had already been killed, their quarters had been partly burned, food and water had been cut off. Cortez now reviewed his army. The force had grown enormously since the early days of the expedition. He now commanded roughly 1,300 soldiers, 96 horses, and dozens of crossbowmen and musketeers, supported by 2,000 Tlaxcalan allies. It was the largest Spanish army yet assembled in Mexico. When the army reached Tenochtitlan, the silence grew even heavier. No nobles came out to greet them, no friendly allies appeared in the streets. The causeways were nearly empty, and many of the houses stood deserted. Only when the Spaniards reached their quarters did Montezuma emerge into the courtyard. The emperor congratulated Cortes on his victory over Narvaez, and welcomed him back to the city. But Cortes, flushed with triumph and already suspicious of the situation around him, barely listened. Inside the compound, the soldiers reunited. Cortes demanded an explanation. Alvarado defended his actions.

00:17:54 - 00:20:49 | Speaker 1:

He insisted that the Mexicans had been planning to attack him during a religious festival. According to him, spies had warned that once the celebration ended, the Spaniards would be surrounded and killed. So he had struck first. He had attacked the assembled nobles inside the temple courtyard before their plan could unfold. The damage had already been done. What had begun as a calculated occupation of the Aztec capital was now turning into something very different. And within days the streets of Tenochtitlan would become one of the most brutal battlefields the Spaniards had ever faced. The fighting soon reached a breaking point. Day after day, the Mexicans attacked the Spanish quarters. Warriors filled the streets, the rooftops, and the canals. Stones, arrows, and spears rained down without pause. The noise of drums and war horns echoed through the city. Cortes realized the situation was slipping beyond control. He decided to use the one authority that might still calm the city, Montezuma. The emperor was brought to the battlements of the Spanish quarters and told to speak to his people. If he could persuade them to stop fighting, the Spaniards would leave the city peacefully. Reluctantly, Montezuma agreed. Escorted by Spanish soldiers, he stepped onto the wall and called out to the crowd below. When the Mexican warriors saw their emperor, many paused. Several nobles stepped forward to speak with him. They addressed him with respect, but their words were grim. They told him the truth. The Mexicans had already chosen a new ruler. Quitlahuac, Montezuma's cousin, had been placed on the throne. The war would not stop until every Spaniard in the city was dead. At that moment the crowd surged again. Stones and arrows began flying toward the walls. In the chaos Montezuma was struck. The Spaniards carried him back inside. Physicians tried to treat his injuries and begged him to take food or medicine, but Montezuma refused. Grief and humiliation had broken him. Within a few days, he was dead. Even hardened soldiers mourned him. Many Spaniards had come to respect the emperor during the months he had lived among them. Bernal Diaz later wrote that several men wept openly, as if they had lost a father. When the Spaniards returned the body to the Mexicans, the city erupted in mourning. rage. The attacks only grew more violent. Warriors shouted from the streets that the Spaniards would soon be sacrificed to their gods, their hearts would be cut from their bodies, their limbs eaten at festivals, their remains fed to the animals kept in the temples. Inside the Spanish quarters the situation was

00:20:49 - 00:23:43 | Speaker 1:

becoming desperate. Food was running low, water was scarce, the wounded filled every room, Narvaez's soldiers, new to the campaign, began cursing Cortez and the governor of Cuba for bringing them into such a nightmare. The Spaniards were further spooked by a prophecy from an astrologer within their ranks. Botello had, four days previously, announced that by means of his secret art, he had discovered that every one of us would be killed if we did not leave Mexico on a certain night. He had likewise prophesied of Cortes that great misfortunes awaited him. He would lose his property and honor, but again rise to eminence and riches. The Spaniards could no longer hold Tenochtitlan. They would have to escape the city. Preparations began immediately. The most critical problem was the broken bridges along the causeways leading out of the island city. Without them, the army would be trapped between canals filled with enemy warriors. To solve this, the Spaniards built a large portable bridge constructed from heavy beams. Tlaxcalan allies and Spanish soldiers would carry it forward, drop it across each canal, allow the army to pass, then lift it again and move to the next gap. The treasure gathered during the conquest, bars, ornaments, and melted pieces of Aztec gold was piled together in one room. Cortez ordered his secretaries to witness what he said next. The treasure, he declared, was worth 700,000 pesos, but there was no way to save it all. He would allow the soldiers to take whatever they could carry so that it would not fall into Mexican hands. Many soldiers, especially those who had come with Narvaez, stuffed their armor, belts, and packs with gold. The night of escape arrived. It was around midnight. A light rain was falling. Mist hung over the city. In silence the army began to move. The portable bridge was set across the first canal. Sandoval's vanguard crossed, followed by Cortez and part of the column. A woman carrying water saw the movement and shouted the alarm. Within moments the night exploded with sound. War drums thundered across the city. Thousands of warriors surged forward. Canoes flooded the canals. The Spaniards suddenly found themselves surrounded. The first bridge became a battlefield. In the chaos, two horses slipped on the wet planks and crashed into the canal. The portable bridge tilted and collapsed into the water. Mexico warriors swarmed the gap. Behind them, the rest of the army kept pushing forward. Soon, the canal was choked with bodies. Dead horses, drowning soldiers, Plaxcalans struggling beneath the weight of baggage and gold men screamed for help in the darkness some tried to swim and were dragged into

00:23:43 - 00:26:41 | Speaker 1:

canoes others were struck down where they stood the retreat dissolved into panic every man now fought only to survive by the time the survivors reached the mainland near to cuba the army had been shattered cortez and several officers gathered there exhausted and bleeding listening to the screams still rising from the darkness behind them. Some officers begged Cortes to turn back and rescue the men still trapped on the bridges. Cortes looked back toward the city and answered grimly, every moment a man escaped was already a miracle. Even so, he and several captains rode back toward the fighting. Soon they encountered Pedro de Alvarado. Limping forward, wounded, his horse gone, with only a handful of soldiers left alive. The rear guard had been annihilated. Hundreds had died at the bridges. More had drowned under the weight of the gold they carried. Others had been captured alive, destined for sacrifice in the temples of Tenochtitlan. By the time the survivors regrouped outside the city, What had begun as a triumphant conquest had turned into a catastrophe remembered forever as La Noche Triste, the Night of Sorrows. The shattered Spanish army finally reached the safety of Tlaxcala. The Allies received them with genuine grief. Many Tlaxcalans had died fighting beside the Spaniards, and the chiefs openly wept when they saw the wounded survivors. with his army recovering cortez began restoring spanish authority across the surrounding provinces during this same period the mexican empire itself was undergoing turmoil the emperor quitlahuac who had driven the spaniards out of tenochtitlan died of smallpox the epidemic disease that had begun spreading through central mexico after the arrival of the europeans A new and far younger ruler now took the throne, Cuauhtémoc. Only about 25 years old, he quickly reorganized the defense of the empire and began preparing for the next inevitable confrontation with the Spaniards. At the same time, a steady trickle of reinforcements arrived from the coast. Once the province was secured and the army reorganized, Cortes turned his attention to the central problem that had nearly destroyed the expedition. Cortez therefore ordered the construction of 13 brigantines, small but heavily armed sailing vessels capable of dominating the waters of Lake Texcoco. The work began in Tlaxcala under the supervision of the shipbuilder Martin Lopez. Thousands of Tlaxcalan laborers cut timber in the nearby forests while Spanish carpenters shaped the beams and frames.

00:26:41 - 00:29:37 | Speaker 1:

Meanwhile ironwork, sails, anchors, and rigging were salvaged from the wrecked Spanish ships at Veracruz. Piece by piece, the fleet that would decide the fate of Tenochtitlan was assembled far from the lake where it would ultimately sail. They prepared it as a kit and would carry them overland to be assembled at Lake Texcoco. Each was equipped with sails, oars, cannon, and crossbowmen. Spanish soldiers who had once served as sailors now became the fleet's crews. When the day finally came to launch them, thousands of Tlaxcalan allies gathered along the canals and shores to watch. The brigantines slid into the waters of Lake Texcoco one by one. Mexican war canoes that once attacked freely were now chased, rammed, and destroyed by the heavier Spanish ships. Cannon fire scattered large canoe formations. The assault on the city began along the three great causeways leading into Tenochtitlan. What followed was not a single battle, but a months-long siege, one of the most brutal urban wars in the history of the Americas. The Mexica fought with extraordinary determination. Their new emperor, Cuauhtemoc, had only recently taken the throne, but he proved to be a fierce and capable leader. Under his command, the defenders turned the entire city into a fortress. Canals were used as defensive lines, bridges were destroyed, streets were barricaded, warriors fought from rooftops, temples, and narrow alleyways. Mexican warriors repeatedly captured isolated Spaniards alive, prisoners who were carried to the temples to be sacrificed before the gods. Several times, Spanish soldiers watched in horror as captured comrades were led to the temple pyramids, stretched across the sacrificial stones, and killed before their eyes. Their bodies were then thrown down the steps. The psychological effect was immense. The brigantines played a decisive role. They patrolled the lake constantly, destroying canoes and preventing food supplies from reaching the city. Meanwhile, the allied armies grew larger. Tens of thousands of warriors from Tlaxcala, Texcoco, Huexotzinco, and other enemy states of the Mexican Empire joined the fighting. Famine began spreading through the city. People survived on weeds, bark, roots, and whatever animals could still be found. The suffering worsened as smallpox, already devastating the region, spread through the crowded city. The disease had been introduced earlier in the conquest and now ravaged the population. Thousands died each week. The canals filled with bodies. Bernal Diaz later described how the water itself became foul with decay.

00:29:37 - 00:32:36 | Speaker 1:

Yet even in these conditions, the Mexica continued fighting. One of the most dramatic incidents occurred when Cortes himself nearly died. During a fierce engagement in the city, he became separated from his men and was pulled from his horse by Mexican warriors. Only the desperate intervention of nearby soldiers saved him from being captured and sacrificed. By the summer of 1521, Tenochtitlan was collapsing. The population had been reduced by starvation, disease, and months of continuous battle. Finally, in August 1521, the last defenders were pushed into a small northern section of the city near Tlatelolco. What remained of the population crowded into this final refuge. The suffering there reached unimaginable levels. The streets were filled with corpses. Starving survivors fought over scraps of food. The stench of decay spread across the lake. Bernal Diaz later wrote that the smell was so overwhelming that many soldiers could barely endure it. On August 13, 1521, the final resistance ended. Quotemoc attempted to escape across the lake in a canoe, but was intercepted by Spanish brigantines. He was captured and brought before Cortes. According to the chroniclers, the young emperor spoke calmly when he was presented to the Spanish commander. He reportedly told Cortes, Cortes refused. The last emperor of the Mexica was taken prisoner. After nearly three months of siege and more than two years of campaigning, Tenochtitlan had fallen. Estimates of the total death toll vary widely, but many historians believe that over 200,000 people may have died during the siege and its aftermath. But one mystery remained. The Spaniards still believed that Mexica had hidden a vast treasure, gold, jewels, and tribute collected over generations. Cortes demanded to know where it was. The captured emperor Cuauhtémoc refused to speak. their feet were placed over burning oil in an attempt to force them to reveal the location of the treasure even then the emperor reportedly remained silent the emperor is said to have answered calmly am i in some pleasure bath the treasure was never fully recovered much of the gold that had once existed in the empire had been lost melted down hidden or thrown into the lake during the chaos of the conquest. Yet the fall of Tenochtitlan marked the birth of a new political order. On the ruins of the Mexica capital, the Spaniards soon began building a new city, Mexico City. It would become the center of Spanish rule in the Americas. In less than three years, a small Spanish expedition, supported by thousands of indigenous allies

00:32:36 - 00:35:35 | Speaker 1:

and aided by disease, political divisions, and military technology, had overthrown one of the most powerful states in the Americas. Bernal Diaz concludes this section of his memoirs by writing, Thanks be to God and the Blessed Virgin, who saved me from being sacrificed to the idols and from so many perils, and thereby rendered it possible for me to write this history, we added the immense territory of New Spain to the Spanish crown, without His Majesty knowing anything about it. And it is for this reason I have written these memoirs, that the great, important, and excellent services which we have rendered to God, our emperor, and to the whole of Christendom may become known. And I think when everything is put into the same scale and weighed according to its quantity, we shall be found equally deserving of remuneration as those cavaliers of previous times. and that is the story of the end of the aztec empire as written by bernal diaz without any interjection from me without any attempt to be a moral authority this is the best primary source we have of course everybody knows the victors write the history books but that story deserved to be told in full. Bernal Diaz is actually a unique primary source here. He was there for all three expeditions, Cordoba, Grijalva, and Cortez. And decades later, after many myths and legends, he wrote that book in his words to set the record straight. I'll leave it up to the comments to debate on how accurate those accounts were. But like I said before, his story deserved to be told without interjection. So thank you so much for watching my videos. I really appreciate it. If you'd like to support my work, please join my school community. You'll get to see a live look of me creating daily in there. Whatever project I'm working on next, I will be working on it and uploading it to school members. And I have nine courses in there that show you exactly my workflow, exactly how I make these videos, and it'd be a great way to support this channel. i'm also going on tour with the legendary luke caverns and michael collins from wandering wolf productions we're going to ancient greece and get ready i'm about to have a whole series about ancient greece here very soon that's what we're going on to next and that'll be in november 2026 we hope you'll join us on tour that's going to be a lot of fun we're going to have a good time i'll have that linked in the bio and then please if you'd like to support my work further check out these mirror way map this one right here is a national park 3d relief map from mirror way maps use my link in the bio and please give me credit in the post-purchase survey everybody thank you so much just by watching my videos you're already supporting this channel so much. I'm just getting started. The AI is getting better. My skills with it are getting better. And I cannot wait to show you what I'm going to make next. Thanks, everybody.

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